In 1971, the Supreme Court ruled that an “implied cause of action” existed in the case of federal agents violating an individual’s constitutional rights, despite there not being a federal statute that explicitly guaranteed the ability of individuals to sue federal government officials in the case of a rights violation in the books. Justice Brennan […]
Since the Fourth Amendment passed in 1791, it has contained a “border search exception.” This exempts customs officials from its normal requirement of probable cause before they conduct “routine searches” of the person, papers or effects of someone crossing the border. In the 1950s, federal regulations substantially extended this exception for the Customs and Border […]